472. What is the difference between microcontroller and microprocessor?
473. Explain the basic architecture of a microcontroller.
474. What are the key factors to consider when selecting a microcontroller for a specific application?
475. Describe the steps involved in the digital design flow for an embedded system.
476. What is the purpose of a crystal oscillator in an embedded system? How does it work?
477. What is the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory? Give examples of each.
478. Explain the concept of interrupt in microcontrollers. How are interrupts used in embedded systems?
479. What is the role of pull-up and pull-down resistors? When and why are they used?
480. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous serial communication?
481. Describe the concept of bus arbitration and its importance in multi-master systems.
482. Explain the purpose of a watchdog timer in an embedded system.
483. How do you ensure signal integrity in high-speed digital designs?
484. What are the considerations for designing low-power embedded systems?
485. How do you handle electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in your hardware design?
486. What is the purpose of decoupling capacitors in a circuit? Where are they typically placed?
487. Describe the basic steps involved in PCB design and layout for an embedded system.
488. How do you ensure electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in your hardware design?
489. What are the challenges and considerations for designing hardware for high-temperature environments?
490. Explain the concept of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and its importance in embedded systems.
491. How do you debug and troubleshoot hardware-related issues in an embedded system?
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