In industrial applications controlling a AC voltage appliance from DC operated Microcontroller is common. Even among the hobby circuits, controlling an electrical bulb using microcontroller is very popular. Microcontroller operates on DC voltage of 3.3V and Electric bulb operates on AC voltage of 230V. So, a Microcontroller cannot control the bulb directly. There must be some isolation between them which is performed by relay. Below is the simple block diagram which shows the connectivity.
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